MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM
The heart uses ATP, created by metabolism of carbohydrates or fatty acids, to derive energy for contraction and electrical activity. Energy for electrical activity is minimal compared to that required for contraction. Stored energy reserves are scarce, and the heart must continually have a source of energy in order to function. The principal oxidative substrate for ATP production is fatty acid, but if it is not available, a variety of carbohydrates can be used. Myocardial metabolism is aerobic, and a constant supply of oxygen must be available. The heart, unlike skeletal muscle, is unable to acquire an “oxygen debt” because of its inability to utilize anaerobic metabolism.
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GALLSTONE FORMATION (CHOLELITHIASIS)
- CAUSES OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
- ARTERIOSCLEROSIS OBLITERANS
- MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
- TUMOR METASTASES TO THE LIVER
- Diagnosis
- Miscellaneous
- CARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS - Definition
- ACID-PEPTIC DISEASE
- Multiple Myeloma
- Public health and environment
- Anatomical Imaging of the Urinary
- Reduction in GFR
- Classification or Glomerular Diseases
- ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS - DEFIRILTIORI
- Clinical Manifestations
- Urinalysis, Renal ‘Tubular Function, and Urine Flow Rate
- Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
- Sodium Retention
- Visceral Angiography
- CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE REGULATION OF VENTILATION
- INVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
- BRORICHODILATORS
- Treatment and Prognosis
- RHEUMATIC FEVER
- EMBOLIC DISEASE
- CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF ESOPHAGEAL DISEASE
- Pathology
- CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY DURING PREGNANCY - ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
- Focal Glomerular Sclerosis (FQS)
- POSTCAPILLARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
- PATHOGENESIS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION
- Specific Etiologies
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Nephrotic Glomerulopathies