RESPIRATORY CONTROL CENTERS
The neurons controlling respiration are located at several levels in the brain stem. The most important network resides in the medulla oblongata, where respiratory rhythm originates. The pons contains an apneustic center, uninhibited activity of which results in sustained inspiratory spasm (apneusis) and a pneumotactic center, which regulates respiratory timing, thus determining the relative duration of inspiration and expiration. While these brain stem centers are responsible for the automatic control of ventilation, the cerebral cortex can override them during wakefulness to permit speech and other actions requiring voluntary control of ventilation.
- PROSTHETIC VALVES
- ASTHMA
- The Use of Diuretics
- TREATMENT
- POSTCAPILLARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
- Radionuclide Imaging
- Mechanism of Proteinuria
- Hematuria
- NORMAL ESOPHAGEAL PHYSIOLOGY
- Treatment and Prognosis
- RHEUMATIC FEVER
- APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH RENAL DISEASE
- DEFINITION
- Clinical Manifestations
- Bleeding Diatheses
- GAS TRANSFER
- APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH SUSPECTED OR CONFIRMED ARRHYTHMIAS
- Other Glomerulonephritides
- Health
- APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WJTH SUSPECTED MALDIGESTION AND/OR MALABSORPTION
- Direct (Toxic Nephropathy)
- PNEUMOTHORAX
- RENAL PHARMACOLOGY
- HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
- Incidence
- Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
- MEDIASTINAL DISEASE
- RISK FACTORS
- Nephrosclerosis
- LABORATORY TESTS OF LIVER FUNCTION AND DISEASE
- CLASSIFICATION OF THE MALABSORPTION SYNDROMES
- Diagnosis
- PATHOGENESIS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION
- CONTROL OF BREATHING IN DISEASE STATES
- Pathology